Examine How Diet Can Affect Health

Diet means the kind of food a person customarily eats and this can affect someone positively or negatively, e.g. healthy eating can have a positive effect on someone. Healthy eating is consuming the right quantities of food from a range of foods. This is known as a balanced diet and this is essential to be healthy because if you don’t consume the right amount of foods, an excessive amount of sugar and salts, can result in being malnourished. It is important for us to eat healthy because it gives our body the nutrients it needs to perform physically and can strengthen our immune system. Healthy eating doesn’t only affect us physically, it can affect us emotionally, intellectually and socially. An example would be a person consuming an excessive amount of food or not eating the right proportion can make them feel insecure about their body, which would affect someone emotionally. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153998.php (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.livestrong.com/article/342648-the-positive-effects-of-a-healthy-diet/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/enhance-your-wellbeing/health/diet-nutrition/how-does-diet-impact-health (accessed on 09/10/2015) Physical Health Read also Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet A person’s diet can have a positive impact on their physical health. I’ve already mentioned that eating the right proportion can strengthen the immune system and give us the nutrients we need to perform physically. This is important because strengthening the immune system would mean fighting foreign intruders, like pathogenic bacteria and viruses and would also destroy cells within the body that may become an illness. Eating high amounts of fruits and vegetables would decrease infections, which would fasten the healing of injuries and infections and would decrease vulnerability to symptoms and difficulties from immune system dysfunction. According to Live Science article on the ‘Good Diet, Exercise Keep the Brain Healthy’, eating a well-balanced diet would mean â€Å"protecting the brain from damage, and counteracting the effects of aging.† This is positive impact because the brain is delicate, so it would be essential to shield the brain because damaging the brain would affect a person mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. Counteracting age would be beneficial because it would enable someone in the life stage of late adulthood be physically healthy because they can do exercise and do sports since they are counteracting age. Carolyn Robbins article on The Positive Effect of Health also shows the importance of diet. The article states that â€Å"giving your body the correct fuel will give you more energy and an overall sense of well-being.† This links to what I mentioned about nutrients providing the fuel we need to perform physically, food provides energy. http://www.livescience.com/2675-good-diet-exercise-brain-healthy.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/healthyliving/dietrisk.shtml (accessed on 09/10/2015) However, diet can have a negative impact on a person’s physical health. Physical activities are a great way of maintaining a healthy body, but an excessive amount of exercise would cause health problems. The person can feel tired, catch illnesses easily, is regularly sore and may have lack of sleep. This would make the person’s physical health weaken and may lead to affecting the other PIES. An excessive amount of salt and sugar can lead to illnesses such as diabetes or coronary heart disease, these bad habits can be passed on to family members. Passing on bad eating habits would result on children becoming obese and vulnerable to diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. It is important to have a balance proportion of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, dairies, and fruits and vegetables. This is significant in diet because eating too much would result on the person becoming obese, this later can result on bigger health problems. Nursing Times article states malnourished occurs when a person â€Å"has a poor diet that provides them with an incorrect balance of the basic food groups.† This means that a person has consumed an imbalance amount of food from the food group. For example someone may eat more dairy product than fruits and vegetables. This would affect someone physically because it would result on slower immune system and reduce muscle and tissue mass. http://fitness.mercola.com/sites/fitness/archive/2012/12/28/7-hidden-signs-of-overtraining.aspx (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/P/physical-health-mental-health/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.nursingtimes.net/whats-new-in-nursing/malnutrition/5001811.article (accessed on 09/10/2015) Intellectual Health Diet can affect people intellectually, eating a balanced diet can boost intelligence because a person is able to be more focused due to the nutrients being provided. Nutrients are important for growth. In taking the right amount of food would result on a person’s brain functioning properly. Oily fish is an example of food that boost a person’s intelligences. Disabled World article on â€Å"Why Fish Oil is Brain Fuel† states that the â€Å"long chain polyunsaturated Omega 3 fatty acids are the building blocks of the brain itself and are only found in any significant quantities in oily fish and of course fish oil.† These help strengthen the synapses in your brain related to memory. This is a positive impact on a person’s intellectual health because Omega-3 acid are beneficial for lowering blood pressure and Dr Madeleine Portwood have steadily found that fish oil expands behaviour, concentration levels and learning in the classroom. A high concentration level is essential for learning new information because if you are not focused than you would not process the information and therefore resulting in poor intellectual development. Good behaviour would improve a person’s contribution to learning and this would lead to improving the learning atmosphere in classrooms. http://www.topuniversities.com/blog/foods-fuel-brain (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/intelligenceandmemory/omega_three.shtml (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/fishoilbrainfood.shtml (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/brain-food-why-the-government-wants-your-child-to-take-omega-3-the-fish-oil-supplement-481930.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) However, diet can have a negative impact on a person’s intellectual health because eating the wrong proportion of food can affect someone academically. For example; a student studying for exams should stay away from processed food because it can lead to them feeling drained due to the chemicals in the ingredients. This would decrease the performance of the student in the exam and therefore, the student would achieve a grade that is not their potential. Fossette Allane article on ‘How Does Healthy Eating Affect Physical, Mental & Social Health?’ states that â€Å"you may feel restless or distracted or develop a headache, all of which can impair intellectual performance.† This means that certain food can have a negative impact on our health because if we are restless, distracted or have a headache we are less likely to learn, thus have a negative impact on our intellectual health. http://www.livestrong.com/article/445701-how-does-eating-healthy-affect-your-physical-mental-social-health/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/d/diet/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/eating-healthy-affect-physical-mental-social-health-6972.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://theconversation.com/you-are-what-you-eat-how-diet-affects-mental-well-being-27115 (accessed on 09/10/2015) Emotional Health What a person consumes can have a dramatic effect on them emotionally. The rapid increase on the number of people that are obese worldwide is related to disorders, such as depression. Children that are obese are often insecure about their body shape. This may be because of media influences and people views on beauty, more people see skinny people to be more appealing. An increase in appetite and not enough exercise can be viewed as a symptom of depression and people with depression are twice as more likely to eat more and less likely to exercise. Due to the lack of exercise and the excessive eating, the person would be more likely to be unhealthy because they are putting on body fat and not losing any. This may lead the person in viewing themselves as ‘worthless’ or ‘ugly’ because their body is putting on weight, so therefore there stomach would grow. This may cause them to be more insecure and feel like that people are making fun of them for the way they lo ok. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are another eating disorder that has emotionally impacted someone’s life. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia is when someone that sees themselves in being imperfect and would go into extreme measures to become perfect. Similar to obesity, anorexia nervosa and bulimia can make someone feel ‘worthless’ and insecure and not see themselves as beautiful. Eating disorders would cause someone to be emotionally unstable and broken. Help Guide had stated that with anorexia nervosa â€Å"the desire to lose weight becomes more important than anything else.† This shows that with eating disorders the person can become emotionally unstable that they crave to lose or gain weight. http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/enhance-your-wellbeing/health/diet-nutrition/how-does-diet-impact-health (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/eating-healthy-affect-physical-mental-social-health-6972.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.prevention.com/food/food-remedies/foods-proven-boost-mood-and-happiness (accessed on 09/10/2015) Nevertheless, diet can have a positive impact on our emotional health. Some people feel satisfied when eating processed food because the food can contain substances that lift self-esteem. Alex Korb says that â€Å"your brain releases dopamine in anticipation of eating good food, and that anticipation makes eating even more pleasurable.† This meaning that food can bring a good feeling when we are eating it. Food can play with our emotions; majority of people crave ice cream when they are overwhelmed and some eat chocolate when celebrating good news. Sara Tomm states that â€Å"when you look good, you feel good and you have self-confidence and fewer inhibitions.† This means that a person can have confidence can be increased through feeling good about your image. The way you view yourself can have an important role on your self-esteem. http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/emotional-effects-bad-diet-2711.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.everydayhealth.com/depression/depression-and-obesity.aspx (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.helpguide.org/articles/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa.htm (accessed on 09/10/2015) Social Health Diet can affect a person’s health positively because eating the right proportion can make someone more social. When a person feels happy, their self-esteem and confidence increase and therefore, they would be more willing to social with other people; the gathering could be a family dinner. Eating a healthy balanced diet would lower illnesses related to malnourishment and hence would make the person more social. Leah Hyslop article ‘Socially Awkward? Eat Sauerkraut and Pickles’ states that â€Å"fermented foods, such as sauerkraut and yogurt, may help alleviate the symptoms of chronic shyness.† This means that certain food that are fermented, which is the process in which food is visible to bacteria and yeasts, either through immunisation or naturally through the air, can play with our moods. Sauerkraut and Pickles can make people feel more social. In the article, it mentions that a research was conducted and had found that fermented food can help us not be socially awkward. I had researched more into the studies and discovered that certain food we eat can make us approachable to other people. This would make relationships with others stronger. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/11667407/Socially-awkward-Eat-sauerkraut-and-pickles.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://vitals.lifehacker.com/your-diet-foods-should-make-you-feel-full-not-just-b-1737682858?utm_expid=66866090-76.Xf7HV5ZSS3i8CtAkjmzQiA.0&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2F (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.webmd.com/20150618/social-anxiety-fermented-food (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://greatist.com/happiness/social-media-food-050813 (accessed on 09/10/2015) If a person doesn’t eat the right proportion of food or skips a meal, this would more likely result on the person becoming irritated and annoyed at the littlest things. This can make the person more likely to become outraged or annoying to others, therefore would put more strains on their friendship with others. Majority of people would not be relevant to someone that may experience mood changes because of hunger. David Benjamin article on Social Benefits of a Healthy Diet states that â€Å"few people want to spend much time with someone who is short tempered or shows unpredictable changes in mood or behaviour.† Hunger can cause a person to become grumpy or less active because of their body craving nutrients that would give them energy to perform physically. Due to being less active a person can feel socially excluded because they may not perform their potential. They may feel that their friends or family are different playing field than them. Consuming to much sugar an d processed food can also make someone easily angry. http://www.livestrong.com/article/199179-social-benefits-of-a-healthy-diet/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/eating-healthy-affect-physical-mental-social-health-6972.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) Factors that Effect Health: Employment Physical People with injuries, such as back pain, find it beneficial to go back to work after the healing process is completed. It would be better for the person to go back to work because they would be physically active and won’t prolong the injury in worsening. For example, a teacher arriving back to work from a leg injury would walk from classrooms to classrooms, which cause the muscles not to strain. Being out of work for a long period of time can worsen the recovery period of a person with injury. Employment can also help a person’s recovery because it provides an income for the employee. There could be a finical barrier preventing a person when it comes to recovery; if they are unemployed they may not be able to afford medications or gym membership. Therefore, employment can help someone recovery period and also make them physically active because they can afford to buy gym memberships or fitness equipment. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/214326/hwwb-is-work-good-for-you.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) Intellectual Employment can make a person wiser and experienced from working in a particular occupation for a long period of time. This would mean that the person’s intellectual health would be healthier since they have become more experienced in the occupation, thus knowledge had increased. This shows the benefits of employment has on a person’s intellectual health. Another example of how intellectual health can improve with employment is if a person is returning to work after a period of illness, which can include mental ill-health. Employment can help the recovery period because it can prevent intellectual skills from diminishing. People with mild or severe mental health problems can benefit from working because their minds would be busy with work load and less likely for them to have depression. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212266/hwwb-mental-health-and-work.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) Emotional Having a steady job can make someone feel proud that they achieved or accomplished their goals. Thus increasing their confidents and self-esteem because they would view themselves more highly. Emotions in the workplace can play a huge role in how an entire functions in organisation. Positive emotions, such as happiness and joy, in the workplace can help the employees and employers work efficiently and have a more enjoyable atmosphere. Negative emotions, such as anger and stressed, can create a holistic atmosphere in the workplace. For example; an employee that feels that they are being used by their profession. This is more related to retail workers and teachers because they are often working overtime and are not paid for the overtime. http://www.employeebenefits.co.uk/how-employers-can-boost-employees-emotional-resilience/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.fastcompany.com/1311650/engaging-your-employees-emotional-benefits (accessed on 09/10/2015) Social Work meets important psychological needs in societies, where employment is the norm. Therefore, work becomes a key factor to individual identity, social roles and social status. A social benefit of employment would be that a person can have a friendship with their colleagues. This meaning that a bond would be established between colleagues, which would make the work environment more enjoyable. Getting paid can allow the person to go places, such as restaurants or concerts, with friends or family members. This would make the person socially more active. It offers a vibrant connection between the individual and society and allows people to contribute to society and attain personal accomplishments. Employment also offers a sense of independence to a person. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/231006/13-1135-economic-and-social-benefits-associated-with-further-education-and-skills-learning-for-those-not-in-employment.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) https://www.infoxchange.net.au/news/social-inclusion-through-meaningful-employment-benefits-social-firms-find-out-more-social-firms (accessed on 09/10/2015) Factors that Effect Health: Unemployment Physical Depression can lead to affecting a person’s physical health as well. They are less likely to exercise, which would make them physically unhealthy. Robert Leahy article on ‘Unemployment Is Bad for Your Health’ states that unemployment people are â€Å"more likely to have poor health habits, characterized by excess drinking, smoking, lack of exercise, and a sedentary lifestyle.† This means that unemployment can cause a person to adapt bad behaviour, which can affect a person’s physical health. Excessive drinking can occur because of depression. If a person fails to get a job, it can result on them judging and viewing themselves as worthless. Further making the person addicted to alcohol or smoking. This is a problem because an excessive amount of drinking and smoking can lead to diseases, such as cancer. Unemployment is a cause of early mortality. Studies show that unemployed people with no prior illness were more likely to die at a younger age than the general population. For example, one study displayed that unemployed people with no prior illness were 37% more likely to pass away over the following 10 years than the overall population. Long-term unemployment is related with socio-economic deficiency. People in poverty die younger, have fewer healthy lifestyles and live in less vigorous environments. The financial strain of unemployment also has direct health impacts, with people in debt being more prone to depression. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-leahy-phd/unemployment-health_b_2616430.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646287/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0811/the-cost-of-unemployment-to-the-economy.aspx (accessed on 09/10/2015) file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/http—www.aphref.aph.gov.au-house-committee-ewr-owk-report-chapter2.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.urban.org/research/publication/consequences-long-term-unemployment/view/full_report (accessed on 09/10/2015) Intellectual Unemployment can have a negative affect a person’s intellectual health because they would not have the motivation to rely on their academic achievement. This can be difficult for a person with mental health problems because unemployment can slow down recovery period and increase psychological distress, further worsening their intellectual health. Work is significant factor for everyone mental health because it gives a sense of purpose, income and can even promote independence. Unemployment increases the risk of developing mental health problems, such as depression. Unemployment can often result bad credit loans and people may become easily manipulated trying to earn something for a living. This have a negative effect on a person’s intellectual health because they might not be able to comprehend what they are doing due to desiring money. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/iwh_briefing_mental_health_2009.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) Emotional The loss of organised time, social contact and status have negative effects on health. Unemployment can make someone depressed for not having a job. Majority of people struggle to find a job due to the job market being difficult. This can result on someone viewing themselves in a negative way, such as labelling themselves ‘worthless.’ Wyatt Myers article ‘The Effects of Long-Term Unemployment’ says that â€Å"long-term unemployment brings depression, anger, stress, and a lack of self-confidence.† A person who is unemployed once runs a greater risk of being unemployed again. This means that if a person was to be unemployed for a long period of time, such as a year or two; can lead to them blaming themselves. Unemployed people have lower levels of emotional wellbeing extending from symptoms of depression and anxiety to self-harm and suicide. This may lead to long-lasting job insecurity, an advanced than usual contact to deprived quality jobs and a lack of control over employed life. Depression, anger, stress and lacking self-confidence can prevent a person from applying for a job. This might be because they were unsuccessful in job interviews or applications previously, which would result on their confidence decreasing. The loss of ‘position’ or rank and the loss of self-esteem are related to depression. This can triggers stress mechanisms that increase risk of diseases such as coronary heart disease. http://www.everydayhealth.com/emotional-health/effects-of-long-term-unemployment.aspx (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/09/19/the-long-unemployed-emotional-effects-of-unemployment/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/14/health/mental-health/psychology-unemployment/ (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/emotional-responses-unemployment-12711.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) Social Unemployment can have a negative impact on a person’s social health. Not having enough money can result on someone being socially excluded in their friendship circle because they can’t afford meals or tickets. The person’s relationships with friends and family members may change more dramatically if they rely on them for financial support, which can result on strains forming in their relationship. An example would be if someone was living off their parents. This means that their parents are paying for their living arrangement, mobile phone, food and maybe even clothing. The parents may feel that their child is a failure because in western cultures it is seen as a norm for children to leave their family home when they reach a certain age. However, this is not the case for Asian and African culture because they tend to want to keep their children with them until they marry someone else and start their own family. Relying on someone finically can make relationships with others worst because it can make people feel like they are being used due to spending money, which is necessary to make a living. Unemployed person would not have the necessary amount of money to buy enough food or pay for their homes. Geoff Riley article ‘Revision: Consequences of Unemployment’ articulates that â€Å"unemployment is linked to social deprivation.† This means that unemployment can cause a loss of socialisation, which can make friendship circles decrease and can result on a person feeling depressed. http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/blog/revision-consequences-of-unemployment (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-adverse-effects-unemployment-391203 (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.bridgingeurope.net/consequences-of-high-youth-unemployment.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) https://www.spssi.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=1457 (accessed on 09/10/2015)

Controlling Chaos

Eric Santana Controlling Chaos There is a common understanding that growth in any aspect of the economy is a grand concept. However, when growth begins to start spreading out in such a manner that it becomes uncontrollable, there is an inherent issue. Such is the case in David Carle’s essay â€Å"Sprawling Gridlock†. Carle mentions several pervading issues and problems with the rapid growth and spread of Southern California, and outlines measures taken against the expansion.Carle’s resolve and purpose of this essay is to describe and illustrate the issue of the uncontrolled spread of urbanization, and the relation of this rapid growth to the quality of life of its inhabitants. Carle outlines rapid, spread out growth for problems such as traffic congestion, land developers putting pressure on land owners, and the accountability of citizens, businesses, and developers in financing the repairs to this damaged infrastructure.According to Carle, the traffic congestion that was consuming Southern California through the 1990’s was becoming a nightmare that threatened the livelihood of all of its participants. â€Å"Road Rage† was born and was the result of creeping, gridlocked freeways that frustrated commuters spent hours in getting from point A to point B. The spread, development, construction, and growth of urbanized communities along these freeways compounded and multiplied the severity of these congested motorways. This was costing two billion dollars in wasted time and petrol.The correlation between these motorways and the urbanized spread began in the early 1900’s. Back then, the Pacific Electric trolley cars carried more than one hundred million passengers over around one thousand miles of track. The independence an automobile represented appealed to citizens and soon changed the way they commute from â€Å"mass-transit† to â€Å"rapid-transit†. This change begun with the construction of the Arroyo Seco P arkway in 1940 (the first motorway opened in California and connected Downtown Los Angeles with Pasadena).Through 1996, California became paved with over one hundred seventy thousand miles worth of roads. However, the rapid growth and urbanized spread of Southern California did not construct fast enough to keep up with the growing mass of commuters. Solutions such as freeway widening created construction that worsened gridlock initially, created improved congestion once completed, and created a new gridlock after a couple years of growth catching up to transit. This inefficiency and spread gridlock of the Southern California motorways had an unprecedented effect on the quality of life of its citizens.Not only were the half-million hours they spent every day in their commutes having a fiscal effect, but a psychological effect as well. Not only was this evident in the increased number (and methods) of road rage incidents, but also in the manner that the time spent in traffic denied th em their personal independence. The countless hours citizens spent sitting or crawling in traffic made them feel trapped as though they were entirely limited of all ability to control their journey; the very concept that attracted Southern Californians away from timetabled mass-transit, to the complete freedom of the automobile.This growth and spread of urbanized Southern California did not only effect the commutes of their citizens, but it also effected the development pressures of their land. One of the largest population growths of Los Angeles occurred between 1970 to 1990. The forty-five percent increase in population correlated into a three hundred percent increase in developed land area. This increase of population, innovations of the motor ways, the State Water Project, and air conditioning gave birth to fastest growing cities in California (the cities on the outskirts of the Greater Los Angeles area).The spike in the population of these cities created increased pressures on land owners by land developers. The uncontrolled growth and spread of urbanization lead to estates and lands being bought out and developed. The psychological pressures and aesthetic discrepancies these land developers were created had a profound effect on the quality of life of citizens. The example Carle uses to describe the detriment on the quality of life of citizens by developers is the Warne family. The Warne family had owned orange groves on their (undeveloped) land since the 1960’s.After the passing of Henry and Ellen Warne, land developers began placing severe pressures on the descendants of the family. Land developers were already constructing â€Å"planned residential communities† outside their ranch, and were doing everything they could to purchase the last bit of land from the Warne descendants. To compound the pressures they were already facing, estate taxes were to be due that would require the descendants to pay fifty-five percent of the estates total v alue. These state taxes and land development pressures led to several farmers and land-owners having to sell their land (that soon became more developed urbanized â€Å"sprawl†). Although the Warne’s eventually were not forced to have their precious orange groves destroyed and developed, nine acres of land they owned and designated as strawberry fields were completely eradicated by developers. The method in which this land was zoned by the city created a value surpassing millions of dollars, and allowed their estate tax debts to be paid.This example illustrates an extraordinary effect on the quality of life that uncontrolled spread of urbanization manifested. The pressures by land developers and estate taxes not only lowered the quality of life for the land owner, but also for the citizens stuck in gridlock and all urbanized Southern California. The urbanized sprawl and planned residential communities replaced the open space and farmland. In the extreme developed sprea d and gridlock, those large open spaces were like sanctuaries to the urbanized mind.The effect this had on the quality of life was that uncontrolled urbanization was everywhere, and was inescapable. Aesthetically pleasing views of natural land became no longer present in the communities of Southern California, and created a psychological void of â€Å"nature† in the urbanized mind of its citizens. Beyond the physical appeal and traffic congestion, the sprawl was having a negative effect upon air pollution and endangered species as well. Finally, coalitions began deciding that developers, businesses, and citizens must start being accountable in financing repairs to this damaged infrastructure.After California was declared the most urbanized state in the nation, the publication of Beyond Sprawl: New Patterns of Growth to Fit the New California was released in 1995. In this publication, there was a call to arms for â€Å"smarter growth† in developing areas and communities . It also called for the redevelopment of some already developed business and residential districts as well as encourages high-density inhabitance. Beyond Sprawl illustrated that the expenses of public services and infrastructure are hardly ever paid by development profits or taxes incurred to new businesses and residents.This meant that all development that spread out around Southern California had to start financing the marginal costs imposed in the area. The publication figured schools, sewage systems, transportation facilities, water systems and other municipal systems into the equation of calculating infrastructure costs. The total cost of infrastructure repair according to Beyond Sprawl was $24,500 for each new single-family residence; an unrealistic solution to solving the urbanized problems.Accordingly, accumulating additional tax payers to pay into the subsidy pool was the only logistic method of sustaining the subsidization of infrastructure repair and growth. The effect t his would have on the quality of life of individuals in a community would mean less encouragement to engage in government planning and decision making processes due to the distribution of costs. This publication eventually led up to the 1987 growth control initiative on the Orange County ballot.This initiative was forged by citizens to put limits and control on urbanized growth, but was defeated when special interests opposition spent 2. 5 million dollars to defeat the campaign. The effect this had on the quality of life was quite negative because no growth controls were able to get implemented, and nobody could be accountable for financing infrastructure repairs and growth. The effects of the uncontrolled growth and urbanized spread of Southern California are greatly impacted upon its inhabitants.They range from unbearable traffic congestion (wasted time, money, and freedom), to total loss of any natural scenery (open space and farmland destroyed for development). From the species of animals that have become endangered do to these developments, to the pressures of special interest developers upon honest, hard-working land owners. All of these effects have greatly deteriorated and relinquished the quality of life that the citizens of Southern California once moved here to attain. A literal sprawling gridlock has a substantial effect on all aspects of urbanized life.From birth to adolescence, adolescence to adulthood, and adulthood to an elderly age, the urbanized spread influences all aspects of life. During adolescence, an individual growing up in a sprawling gridlock is influenced by the distance and time they must travel to do necessary activities (such as education, recreation, medical attention etc. ). The individual is influenced by the travel they must complete to achieve their tasks. When in route, they do not see open spaced, natural land. They see miles upon miles of pavement and urbanization. This may have a detrimental ffect upon their psyche as th eir minds process the artificial scenery of sprawled gridlock. This urbanized spread influences raising a family by limiting the number of activities a family may do. Due to the incredible gridlock that congested freeways create, families have less opportunity to go new places and do new things. This creates a barrier between families and the outside world. Without the ability to have leisurely outings as a family, the quality of life for that family is dramatically less than that of a family living outside of the urbanized sprawl.Likewise in building a community, the sprawled gridlock limits the possibilities in having a thriving, happy community. Without the ability or land to build and maintain parks, a community is nothing more than a large spread of houses. There is no way for a community to assemble or have recreational activities in the wake of these negative effects. Land developers and sprawling gridlock completely consumed everything, and left nothing more for communities to share. This extremely hinders the building of a happy community.Overall the sprawling gridlock is a complete determent and contradiction to a high quality life of its inhabitants. One may not be able to engage in complete personal freedom and independence if one is caught living in â€Å"the sprawl†. From the congested freeways to the concrete jungle, one cannot escape from the effects of rapid urbanization. The relationship between unregulated urbanized growth and the quality of the life for its inhabitants is a sprawled gridlock indeed.

Discussion# 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion# 1 - Assignment Example ce entails integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research (Sackett et al, 2010). Essentially, the evidence based medicine requires that each clinician upholds their duty to stay in touch with the research literature and to implement best practice as a part of all clinical decision making (Sackett et al, 2010). The critiques of sackett defination of evidence based practice argue that Systematic research is the best quality research but it is not always available. For instance, the Nursing care, particularly in mental health, remains under researched. In addition, they argue that Patients should be involved in decisions about their care. Therefore, they say that Muir Gray definition on evidence based health care is the based. He defined it as an approach to decision making in which the clinician uses the best evidence available, in consultation with the patient, to decide upon the option which suits the patient (Muir, 2009). In my opinion, these definitions stress on facilitating decisions about assessment and intervention that are deemed effective and efficient for a given direct stakeholder On the other hand, the American Psychological Association defines EBP as the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture and preferences (Gambrills, 2011).  Finally, another definition advanced by Schlosser and Raghavendra suggest that EBP is the integration of best and current research evidence with clinical expertise and relevant stakeholder perspectives (Schlosser, & Raghavendra, 2010). Notably, all the definitions stress three bases, which are the research evidence, educational expertise, and relevant stakeholder perspectives that are relevant and need to be integrated through the EBP process. Gambrills, E.   (2010).  Evidence-based practice: Implications for knowledge development and use in social work.   In A. Rosen & E.

Stable Angina Pectoris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stable Angina Pectoris - Essay Example Although there are efforts to specify use of angina pectoris for chest area discomfort caused by myocardial ischaemia linked with coronary artery disease, there are also known causes like aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Task Force of European Society of Cardiology 395; Fox et al. 3-9). Angina pectoris is considered stable if it has been occurring for over a number of weeks without any major worsening. Stable angina pectoris normally occur in situations related to increased myocardial oxygen usage. Factors such as ambient temperature and emotional stress can, however, influence symptoms of stable angina pectoris from time to time (Crea & Gaspardone 3767; Christensen 10-11). On the other hand, unstable angina pectoris is characterized by a suddenly deteriorating pre-existing angina pectoris or abrupt appearance of angina during rest or light work. This is generally caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture which leads to intracoronary thrombus formation. Some patients experience heightened coronary artery tone or spasm (Fox et al 4). The pathological condition giving rise to this imbalance is most often the atheromatous narrowing of the coronary arteries. To attain this medical condition, also referred to as stenosis, there must be at least 50 to 70 percent narrowing of the coronary artery. In such decrease in the inner diameter, the coronary blood flow is rendered inadequate to reach the metabolic demands of the heart during strenuous activities or exercise. The impact of stenosis is not limited to the degree of narrowing of the luminal diameter but also on the length and quantity of stenoses present in the coronary artery (Crea & Gaspardone 3767; Christensen 10-11). Vasoconstriction at the area of the atheromatous narrowing normally results to segmental abnormal function and dilatation of the left ventricle which cause a sudden drop in coronary blood flow. Coronary vasoconstriction, on the other hand, occurs because of curtailed diastolic filling period due to tachycardia and different hormonal actions. Patients with coronary artery disease have the potential risk of acquiring fissuring or rupturing plaque which usually results in platelet aggregation, abnormality of coronary blood flow or thrombotic coronary occlusion. Increased vasomotor tone or spasm arises from the release of substances from activated platelets. This condition crosses the threshold in which a diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris or evolving myocardial infarction is given (Fox et al 5). It is estimated that 30,000 to 40,000 per 1 million persons suffering from angina pectoris in countries with high number of patients with coronary heart disease. The incidence of angina pectoris is notably twice as high as in middle-aged men as in middle-aged women. This medical condition severely limits the lifestyle of patients such that those of working age are forced to apply for early retirement (Christensen 10; Fox et al. 3-9; Crea & Gaspardone 3767). Symptoms Stable angina pectoris symptoms are grouped into four major features. These are in terms of location, association with exercise, characteristics, and

The Economics of the Just Price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Economics of the Just Price - Essay Example The aspect of determining price fairness has raised questions since the concept was conceived and has been an element of discussion. An economic solution was developed to determine the constituents of fair prices in accordance to some conditions that must be satisfied. These factors are the clear definition of production factors. The presence of perfect competition within the market and the absence of market failures as a result of economies of scale. When these parameters are considered the prices of commodities with only be affected by eh production costs and profits desired; and hence will be fair to both consumer and producer. This determination of the conditions that define fair prices has aided in the understanding of the elements that can be used to determine a fair price. In the ancient times, there were various factors that caused difficulties in determining a fair price and they were summed by the element of capitalism which was characterised by a lack of proper prices for labour, widespread aversion to payment of loans, and failure to incorporate interest payments into production costs.

The Chinese Room Argument Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Chinese Room Argument - Research Paper Example Strong AI is intended to try and be like human in their cognition or even supersede him in their capability to solve problems. However, John Searle argues against the idea, he says that consciousness is an emergent property of a physical system that is only caused by a particular kind of physical process, and it is absurd to relate consciousness with a proper behavior. He further maintains that it is not worth thinking that consciousness is there, just because you have the right behavior. Computers are not conscious because they behave in the correct way, because the physical processes involved in human mind and computers are different. According to him, the basic physics and processes are everything. A person is likely to think that other people are conscious not because they operate as you do, but because it is evidently known that the physical performance of their brains are basically the same: and the same common kinds of physical effects occur in their brains as yours, therefore, the same emergent properties can be expected. My opinion is totally in contrast with Searle’s view that seems to divide things into two perspectives, that is the physical objects and abstraction of a physical system that also appears to be different in all. According to my understanding, the distinction between different kinds of properties is inconsistent. In human beings and other living things, emergent properties are caused by the processes within them as it is in the artificially made objects. The only difference here is artificial, but in real sense the emergent property is general to both AI and the human brains. It is clear in response which includes the range of actions made by artificial objects, organisms or systems in relation to the environment in which they exist. The surrounding could include other systems, other organisms or even the physical environment. This response is

Analysis of Recent Microeconomics Events in the United States Term Paper

Analysis of Recent Microeconomics Events in the United States - Term Paper Example This paper outlines the magnitude of the influence of microeconomic trends on the overall state of American economy. Issues under consideration of micro economists vary from what factors impact the savings of consumers to how much firms should produce under the given circumstances.It is known that microeconomic decisions taken by individuals and organizations are influenced by considerations of cost and benefit. Costs relate to financial cost pertaining to cost of finance, such as total variable cost, opportunity cost and fixed cost. Interest rates have always been an indicator of a country’s economic status. Increase in the interest rates indicates a number of things such as the economy’s ability to absorb high interest rates, meaning that increased interest rates imply that the central bank assumes that different entities in the country will continue borrowing at higher interest rates, meaning that productivity will increase and the economy will grow. Increasing interest rates also tend to reduce inflation. Interest rates in the US have continued to remain around zero, which indicates that the economy is facing difficulties in enhancing production. It is believed that increasing interest rates at this time will create economic complexities for the country. Consumer confidence in America is presently very low, which is evident from the large numbers of homes that continue to remain on sale. The country needs to focus more strongly on issues such as consumer prices, housing market, debt load and interest rates. The country’s debt load continues to be massive and is growing steadily, which has depressed the economic environment and minimized growth. Whatever growth that happens is offset by the increasing debt, while low interest rates prevent the economy from affecting a recovery in the short run. Low interest does increase borrowings for businesses and individuals but the default rate in the US is very high; almost twenty percent. Consumers are reluctant to buy new homes and prefer to wait and watch as they are not currently prepared to take more loans during times of uncertainty, primarily because assets have the tendency to decline in value in the short term. In servicing its own debt, the US relies heavily upon foreign money by offering its assets such as government bonds to other nations. However, America’s credibility in this regard is gradually declining in view of its increasing debt. Countries such as China have begun to question the ability of the US to repay its deb ts. The US appears to be losing its status of a world super power because many countries have started looking elsewhere for investing. The employment situation in the US continues to deteriorate and the numbers of good jobs are consistently decreasing. The numbers of American citizens living in poverty are also increasing. Over the last few years, millions of job opportunities, thousands of businesses, and billions of dollars of the country’

Cultural differences in business life between Germany and USA Essay

Cultural differences in business life between Germany and USA - Essay Example In most situations, people do not realize how their own behavior is affected by culture. This is because of the closeness to it and the assumption that everyone is just like them. They expect others to do everything in a manner similar to their own. Communication refers to encoding and sending of a message with proper representation. Message can be verbal, written, non-verbal, and musical form. These various forms of representations have unspoken rules that can cause significant misinterpretations if not properly understood. An individual from a different culture with varied values and rules can cause danger to any encoding. This problem is intensified by the fact that a given message depends on the receiver’s perception and not what the presenter thought. Foster (1992) attest that in conducting daily operations in the business world, communication is considered an important factor. Therefore, when dealing with people of different culture in business, proper considerations should be put in place. These include proper understanding of diverse cultures and ability to handle the various challenges of language barriers. Hofstede (2001) said that most business deals do not mature because prior to interaction, one or both of the parties was not committed to learn cultures of the different individuals involved. To be successful in business life, every individual has to consider the following: proper understanding of different ways in which behavior and business impacts culture. Secondly, major cultural dimensions should be properly understood. Thirdly, individuals should be keen on their own culture and raise awareness about it. Fourthly, and individual should clearly know the different scenarios where their own culture preference can conflic t with that of other people. Fifth, key skills and competencies that boost international success should be identified. Finally, every individual should be sensitive of existing traps and ways to overcome them. 2.0 Cultural diversity In the 21st century, cultural diversity is common in most of the management topics. For proper management, effective communication needs to be in place (Hall, 1959). This requires proper understanding of different cultures of individuals involved. All forms of communication are directly impacted by culture. According to Hall and Hall (1990), individuals view their culture as normal. When they come across people from other different cultures, they are amazed by the unique behaviors. In order to have a clear understanding of diverse perspectives, it is important to have cross-cultural awareness (Hall, 1976; Harris and Robert, 2000). This way, an individual will be able to develop respect for other varied cultures hence suspension of judgment. This knowledg e will boost different business interaction in different situations and localities. It is also important for individuals to know that one approach will not be effective in all given circumstances. 3.0 Comparison of the cultural differences among the Americans and the Germans In business conversation, Hendon et al (1999) and Mattock (2003) revealed that Germans are known to emphasize on content and understates emotions and personal relationships. They respect honesty and openness and prefer using various examples. The fact that Germans give more details results from the detailed explanations

The US supreme court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The US supreme court - Essay Example For the appointment of a Supreme Court Judge to be confirmed by the Senate, a simple majority is required. Judges of the Supreme Court can be impeached and removed from office if they are found to be involved in misdemeanour or criminal activities (Abraham, 1992). The existence of the US Supreme Court is a necessity because of the roles it plays in several aspects of the legal framework of the country, such as its support for the civil rights movement, which received legal sanctity with the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This was a ground-breaking legislation in the country because it did away with most forms of discrimination against women and Blacks and with racial segregation. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 legally eliminated discrimination in voter registration as well as racial discrimination in educational institutions and at the work place. However, during the initial years, the constitutional validity of the Civil Rights Act was disputed in the context of its applicab ility to the private sector. In many of the important civil rights hearings, the US Supreme Court had held that Congress was not legally empowered to prevent discriminatory practices in the private sector. ... This ruling marked the beginning of the effectiveness of the separate but equal concept in the US. In 1971, the US Supreme Court held in the case titled Griggs v. Duke Power Co that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not permit discrimination at the work place and also that employers cannot adopt practices that are discriminatory towards women and minorities. In case titled University of Alabama v. Garrett, the Supreme Court held that the 11th Amendment did not permit state employees to file applications in federal courts to seek financial compensation for discriminatory practices used by employers in violation of the Americans with Disabilites Act. This decision revealed that the Supreme Court has not been favourable in regard to civil rights issues. It held that even if the state’s actions are indicative of being hard hearted, they may not necessarily violate provisions of the Constitution (The Leadership Conference, 2012). The US Supreme Court is a democratically legitimate institution because it acts under the given provisions and its judges are elected in keeping with the due process of law. However, the appointment of Supreme Court judges during the President Roosevelt’s time came under cloud because between 1933 and 1937, the Supreme Court had declared six of Roosevelt's eight major New Deal programs unconstitutional. Roosevelt wanted to prevent the Supreme Court from rejecting his future New Deal proposals and he reacted by introducing a scheme whereby new judges would be appointed to the Supreme Court and who would be supportive of his plans (Crawford, 2008). Roosevelt introduced a plan that gave him authority to appoint a new judge for

Pfizer company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pfizer company Analysis Essay Introduction Pfizer is a pharmaceutical company that is here to help us have a better health. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was made to discover and developing new ways to prevent and treat disease and also to improve health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many medicines. They have medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I will be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more important key points about Pfizer. I will also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place. Exploring the History of Pfizer Two cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with some money that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer father in (1849). Their first company was open in Brooklyn, New York in a section of Williamsburg. This small red brick building serves as everything, the office, warehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was blend with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic production of tartaric acid and cream of tartar. â€Å"Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War. The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a cleaning agent and also a vital drug to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the emerging field of photography.† (Pfizer 2009) By the (1968), the company doubles its side. It have increase it product line and also add 150 new employees. With the company growth, they buy a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the top producer of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity; like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.  (Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the year, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. But in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erhart’s share at half inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) â€Å"Pfizer files an official certificate of incorporation in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special board meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906. The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. Pfizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle drug called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer receive an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it company’s contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural Division of the company to offer anim al health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another plant in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey. The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967), the company introduced its first one a day antibiotic called  Vibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medications in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers and the communities we live in everyday. He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and training center on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investment from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer Pfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a public company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market human and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program is a complement of its foundation. Its corporate makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs designed to promote access to quality health care and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) The foundation have special emphasis in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health care for people in need. The second strategy is to teach individuals about health care and a  way to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to measure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the best practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Pfizer leadership and Structure This company is made up of the best senior level executive personnel and the best decision-making board member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and Animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very good knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Company’s business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009) Corporate Governance Pfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated â€Å"In order to create and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for society as a whole, we must first practice responsible business principles.† â€Å"And, we must take into account our stakeholders’ interests and be held accountable to them.† As reading the quote above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009) Public Policy Pfizer has a public policy select in its company. That’s a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to item to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009) Phrases of Development Pfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to volunteer for an experiential medicine which is called investigational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a disease which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched much closer to see what method is best for the individual. The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase gather all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as occurring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009) Programs Pfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programs:  ConnectHIV: The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Science in Schools: The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives to  encourage corporations and individuals to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and technology into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Volunteer Programs (PVP): The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Matching Gift: The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)  Global Health Partnerships: Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control: The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independence and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer control and encouraging tobacco independence. Pfizer Animal Health Pfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal food producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness. Articles The next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image?† The first article I will summarize is â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service available for people who have lost their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day. Other pharmaceutical  industry wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their rating of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. It’s also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could afford to buy these drugs on their own.

Marketing plan for ananda himalayas

Marketing plan for ananda himalayas Ananda Himalayas is a trend setting concept in both business and luxurious spa.ananda Himalayas is a part of IHHR Hospitality owned by Mr Ashok Khanna.It is a luxurious spa situated in the tranquil Himalayan foothills, nested on a 100 acres estate surrounded by graceful Sal forests overlooking the river Ganges, close to the towns of Rishikesh Haridwar. Ananda Himalayas was established in 2000 its Indias first destination spa. it is a pathway to the ultimate, discovered through the union of body, mind soul. it provides a breathless redefine lifestyles with the well-known traditional Indian wellness regime of Ayurveda,yoga and Vedanta. IT is considered to be one of the best spa in the world and also rated no.1 destination spa in the world by most of the travel agent as well as newspapers magazines(Travel and leisure). Ranked by top new hotels of 2008by Conde nest traveller,76 hot spas across globe by travel leisure and 26 best business hotels in South ASIA. Mission and Vision Statement Mission:- to create a unique design product offer world class hospitality with a distinctive warmth and humility improve and innovate constantly to crate exceptional value for people,their individuality and to their growth VISION:- to be a world-class hospitality chain in India benchmark in spa industry to have a world-class spa institute in India expending capacity of existing property as well as expending with more new properties. Ethos:- E-empathy T-teamwork H-honesty O-ownership S-selflessness Corporate objectives:- Increasing revenue from 500 m to 550.75 m. Reaching to 100% customer satisfaction instead of 8.3 to 9.3%. Targeting profit from 45.64 to 58.42 Taking gross profit ratio to 12-15%. Mktg Objectives :- Increasing revenue from 50% to 100% Achieving customer satisfaction and quality standards to 100% Increasing profit from 80% to 100% Increasing growth profit ratio from 12% to 15%(CIRRUS 01 SEP 2008). Mkt segmentation:- Market Segmentation broadly identifies the potential markets from a general population for further refining and targeting. The market segmentation for ananda Himalayas will be done on the two bases. 1.geographic segmentation (it will contain both international and domestic markets) 2.demographic segmentation. Geographical Segmentation Country of Origin of Guests in Rishikesh star hotels COMPOSITION Five Star Deluxe and Five Star hotel % ASEAN 2.4 Australia 2.1 Canada 1.6 Carribbean 0.6 China 3.4 France 2.0 Germany 6.6 Japan 3.2 Middle East 2.5 Other European 1.4 Russia 1.2 SAARC 1.0 South Africa 1.4 UK 8.4 USA 24.8 Other 37.4 Total 100 (FHRAI, Indian Hotel Industry Survey 2008-2009) The table above shows the percentages of people from different origin that prefer staying in the five star deluxe and five star hotels in Rishikesh. According to this survey done by FHRAI, the number of tourists from US(24.8%) is the maximum which is followed by UK(8.4%) and Germany(6.6%) which have a marginal difference between them. These statistics clearly show us that there is a decent amount of tourists from The US for which we already have a good market. Therefore, there is a scope for targeting more people from UK and Germany. Though, we still cannot target a specific market with these statistics alone which will be done in the later parts Demographic Segmentation Foreign tourist arrival in India on the bases of gender (FHRAI, Indian Hotel Industry Survey 2008-2009) For the year 2006, the percentage of foreign male tourists was 57% against the female tourists which comprises of 36%. Whereas, there are 7% of the tourists which did not report and are missing from the stats. Similar is the case for the domestic tourists as well. The percentage of men travelling is slightly high than that of females all over India. Therefore, by evaluating all the data given above, we have chosen a differentiation market segment method to specify the target markets. Our specific target market will be; Foreign business travellers from UK and Germany Domestic tourists- leisure with high income (4.9% in all of India) Meeting Participants Target Market:- Corporate:- as this hotel is situated in a religious tourist place. Leisure:- this can be the major target market as it is basically a health and wellness spa. it attracts tourists who wants to rejuvenate. Groups:- groups improves sales as well as provides hotels a good market reputation and also capture major share of market. Positioning:- Market Positionining Perceptual Mapping; Foreign Business Travellers Expensive High Moderate Service Ista . Less Expensive (naresh k.malhotra(marketing research p-700) Domestic Tourists Expensive High Moderate Service Service Ista . Less Expensive (naresh k.malhotra(marketing research p-700) Key-findings for market positioning:- If we take price and customer satisfaction ratio into consideration, Ananda has lower price than its competitors and a good customer satisfaction but not the highest. If factors like brand reputation and value for money is considered than it has got the highest brand name. Corporate marketing strategy:- objectives Strategic tactics Implementation period revenue 500 m to 550.75m Tie-up with the travel agencies. Air-line packages Corporate rates Group rates Should start from april Should start through out the year Customer relationship 8.3m to 9.3m Set-up of various information centres Start from april and should continue through out the year. Total profit 45.64m to 58.42m Cutting down all unnecessary spendings Through out the years Profit percentage 12-15% Add-on services with packages Start from april Marketing strategy:- As per the product our hotel is offering,most of the facilities are delivered directly.to make it more successful we need to promote our product in market to increase market share.this can be done through various channels of advertising(travel agency,media advertising). As our target market is corporate and foreign clients so for this we need to tie up with prospective business to enhance the sale.hotel is in the growth level as per product life cycle,but due to recession the market share percentage has gone down.to come out of this,we are going to use the differentiationmarketing strategy.in this,the focus will be on different market segment with competitive price and product with quality service. Another reason is our target market is divided into small segmentations so,can easily increase our market share through these segmentations.our brand strategy is to provide high level of services and customer satisfaction with low rates and first objective is to increase the market share. The marketing mix strategy is based upon the two ps factors.we consider price and product.our aim is to provide different experience than other hotels and increase market share by establishing the brand value with in the customers. Markets Ansoffs Matrix Existing New Products Products 3.product development 1.Market Penetration Existing Markets 4.diversification 2. Market Development New The Ansoffs Matrix shows four different ways of marketing. It is basically a combination of four similar but different things. Existing Products and new products ,and, existing markets and new markets. In the case of the hotel ananda, we are going to follow the two methods that are Market Penetration and Market Development as shown in the figure above. We already have a product with us and we do not plan to create or add something new to our product line. Our plan is to enter further into the markets that we are already in. As explained earlier, we plan to increase our market share within the same market and try to reach the customers who fall in the same category but different profiles. The second plan is to create new markets with our existing product to offer the customers. In this case we have planned to create a new target market in the form of the domestic tourist which comes for purpose of leisure and holidaying. This is being done because according to the research that we have done in the beginning it shows us the scope of the domestic tourists. Another reason that supports this strategy is that we also have the right kind of product offering for this market. Budget:- Financial Report Percentage of Revenue (2008-2009): Hotels ananda Grand hyatt sheratons Vivanta(taj) Occupied Rooms Hotel 33,699 22,206 38,729 39,828 Occupancy percentage 55.4% 63.4% 66.7% 65.7% Rate per room $209.59 $220.09 $203 $186.59 Room Revenue 65.20% 66.8% 63.9% 55.7% F B Revenue 23.5% 20.8% 26.3% 31.4% Banquet conferences 6.6% 9.2% 2.0% 9.7% other 4% 2% 7% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% Imp:- subject to further research Evaluation of marketing plan for ananda Himalayas:- Objective: Increasing customer satisfaction level from 6.2 7.5 Key Performance Indicator: Customer Satisfaction Surveys Frequency of Evaluation: Monthly Objective: Increasing Revenue from 500m 550.75m. Escalating profit from 45.64m 58.42m Key Performance Indicator: Revenue Report, Financial Audit Frequency of Evaluation: Annually Objective: Growing profit ratio 12.00% 15% Key Performance Indicator: Monthly Revenue reports, Cash flow Frequency of Evaluation: Monthly Note: (subject to further research) Contingency plan:- In the event that suggested marketing plan measures prove to be ineffective or below threshold following measures are suggestedency plan:- 1. PRICE+PROMOTION: start with new products along with wellness packages. 2. PRODUCT +PLACE : cant change the product services. 3. PROCESS+PEOPLE: Can stick to same old training methods) only to 10% of stock per store. 4. Cost cutting and cost management regards to budgeting and investment plans. The product offer: Ananda, Himalayas offers a comfortable and contemporary rooms with a beautiful view of landscape grounds.this hotel has 21,000 square feet spa(only one in India).all rooms are designed with a high level of comfort and as per the need of guests. Along with rooms this hotel offers a range of packages that includes scheduled aerobics,hiking trips in the foothills of Himalayas,meditation and yoga classes,wellness and treatment packages,cooking classes etc.this hotel has 75 deluxe rooms,5 suites and 3 villas.all rooms are equipped with all modern amenities. Pricing strategies:- Pricing needs to be decided as plays a very vital role in hotel growth.every hotel has a set target and goal,due to recession prices have come down. rate rationalization is the biggest change after recession. Penetrating pricing strategies: following this strategies would help ananda hotel to capture more portion of market share. In this strategy ananda hotel would be offering guests competitive rates with best standards of service which could be given in same class of hotel. Following penetrating pricing strategies would help ananda strengthening its position in market and establishing its brand name among customers. Penetrating pricing strategies would give elasticity to demand. Competition based pricing strategies: Keeping an close eye on every step of your competitor is very essential, specially pricing strategies. Price is the only factor which would play prime role in attracting customers. Competition based pricing basically means pricing according to your competitors and try giving better or something unique to them which would be our unique selling point of business. Competition based pricing will help ananda to fight competition and establish its market. Promotion:- Corporate and commercial rates Air-lines packages Corporate packages Group discounted rates Off-season special packages On-line deals Promotional spa packages Ananda place in tourism system:- Ananda is a hospitality service provider in destination. Destination is composed of different elements that together make up a destination mix. Basic components of destination mix are facilities, attraction, infrastructure, transportation and hospitality service provider commonly used as acronym FAITH (Weaver Lauton 2005). Ananda is an established name in hospitality service sector, just because of rescission it lost its market share and profit started declining. To revive from the situation of rescission ananda need to establish cordial relation with other component of Destination Mix. It has seen that hospitality service provider cant alone make tourist experience better of visiting place. The hospitality service provider needs to work in coordination with other component so that tourist can get better services and he is satisfied with hospitality given to him. For example:- Guest comes from united kinghdom to attend seminar or companys meeting when he would arrive airport first thing he would require would be transportation to hotel, after reaching hotel he would require facilities that would support his travel purpose. If guest would be getting all these facilities without hassle he would be a satisfied guest and repeat guest in future or guest commercially important person for hotel(CIP) for hotel who could give more business to hotel in near future. We would suggest ananda to apply push strategy. This strategy involves pushing the product through distribution channel to final consumer. Push strategy will induce distribution channel to put more effort for selling the hotels room and service as they would be having personal motive or interest that is profit or commission from hotel by doing so. Using push strategy will help ananda hotel to increase scope of capturing more market because by choosing distribution channel we could widen scope of advertisement and promotion of our products. For example hotel ananda could give lucrative offers to travel agent like 10% of room cost as commission in addition to their normal commission for booking. A push strategy provides an incentive for channel member to promote product to their customer or push product through distribution channel (Kotler, Bowen., Makens2006 pg 561). People:- Orientation Culture Change Internal marketing Process:- Process ananda hotel is using is based on technology and e-marketing. Physical evidence:- Brand image related to vision position. Environment:- The situation analysis that can be done for the hotel will include all the external factors which have an effect on the working of the hotel. These external factors can be studied by the help of PESTEL (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal) analysis and how these factors affect the working of the hotel. It is a strategic planning technique that provides a useful framework for analyzing the environmental pressures on a team or an organization. (Edmonstone, Havergal, 1999). Political Environment: this includes all the government policies, the laws in which the hotel has to deal and the pressure groups which affect the hotel performance. The Political instability such as tax rates and other matters like the policies and rules with which the hotel is concerned. The hotel has to be in the parameters of govt policies and have to follow all the rules and regulations. Economic Environment: This environment mainly deals with the money capacity of the consumer.this plays a vital role in deciding the promotion or downfall of the hotel business.The economic meltdowns lead to a downfall in the tourism sector, leading to a drop in the business of the hotel. The economy has started to improve and the international corporate travelers who form the major part of the target market of the hotel have once again started to come to the hotel. The economy will need some time to improve and this time can be utilized to make new marketing strategies which will attract more such travelers and suits their needs as well. Socio-Cultural Environment: It includes behaviors, perceptions, choices and the values of various individuals who constitute the society. This part includes both the employees and the society in which the hotel is working. The hotel needs to keep proper care of its employees and their needs in order to achieve high standards of work. The hotel also has some social responsibilities. The hotel can social events, the earnings of which can go for charity, it can also have an effective disposal system for garbage, water and gases which may help in maintaining a healthy environment for the society around it. Technological Environment: These factors act as the facilities in the hotels and are also the main aspects which help in the differentiation of one property to another. The ananda hotel has all the modern technologies being used forthe spas compared to other hotels. The hotel can always come up with some innovative ideas to place itself at a better position than its competitors. Natural Environment: The natural environment does not have much effect on the business of the hotel as anada,Himalayas situated in the beautiful landscape of Himalayas with natural and pollution free environment. This factor effects only when the marketers can use it for the promotion of the hotel. Legal Environment: This part includes the various rules and the policies that the hotel needs to follow in order to run the operations efficiently. These legal issues include the payment of taxes, giving proper remuneration to the staff, following of the legal government policies and others. Tax paid by tourists in India is the highest in the world, Indian hotels charge about 40% taxes compared to other Asian countries where it varies between 3% and 6%. (World travel and tourism council, 2010). Such factors as mentioned above shows the different legal requirements that are expected to be fulfilled by the hotel. Proposed Environmental Scanning System for anada,Himalayas hotel: Environmental Factor Source of Information Person Responsible Frequency Competitors Newspapers Staff/ Management Daily Guests Staff Daily Magazines Management Weekly Internet Staff/ Management Weekly Annual Reports Management Yearly Customers Customer feedback Staff Daily Staff Management Weekly Travel agents Management Monthly Regular guests Staff/ Management Monthly Internet Staff/ Management Weekly Economic Economic newsletters Management Weekly News papers Management Weekly Internet Management Weekly Average room rates Accountant/ Management Daily Balance sheets Accountant/ Management Yearly Internet Management Monthly Technologies Trade magazines Management/ Department heads Monthly Trade shows Accountant/ Management Yearly Internet Management Monthly Newspapers Management Weekly Television Management Daily The above mentioned three key areas need to be followed for the purpose of the environmental scanning. The hotel became one of the top rated hotels in the rishikesh, but due to the recession in late 2008 most of the business was lost. The above mentioned SWOT and PESTEL analysis, if followed properly, will help the business to reach high levels of business and market share. Service Concept/productivity:- Anada,Himalayas could get competitive advantage if, they properly plan and implement their supporting products. They must meet customers needs and expectation, to overbeat their competitors (Hertneneky, B,P.2006. p.g 281). In this critical stage of reviving from rescission, ananda hotel should not only concentrate on providing core product or basic product that would be food, shelter, and safety of guest. They should look upon providing augmented or supporting products, which are very important for delivering quality service and meeting expectation of guest. The augmented product includes accessibility, atmosphere, customer interaction with service organization, customers participation and customer interaction with each other (Kotler, Bowen., Makens2006 pg 307). Augmented product is important to be understood because it tells what is delivered and how is to be delivered. ananda hotel have to work seriously upon this service concept of augmented product because these product have huge impact on guest and will help to capture major portion of markets, by customer satisfaction which is key element in hospitality industry. Facilities we are providing are:- Wi-Fi internet access   ananda hotel can provide Wi-Fi anytime anywhere, whether in-room, by the pool or in other public areas sleep comfort   ananda hotel can provide ergonomically designed beds and a pillow menu with a wide range of comfort pillows. Business Centre   High speed internet access and board room style meeting rooms. Spa   21,000 square feet spa with all the required equipments. Pool Fitness Centre   ananda hotel is giving temperature controlled swimming pool for all seasons, state of the art gymnasium with personal trainers. Tailor-made food-ananda provides food as per the customer body type and famous for cooking without oil.food is inspired by ancient times and prepared with natural ingredients. Organisation:- The best part about anand,Himalayas is its staff as all staff is between the age of 21 to 35,customer oriented,friendly,well versed with the knowledge of therapies.they should have this kind of staff only as customer should feel at home and comfortable only than they will be able to enjoy the treatment. strategy:- Advertisement: it is one of the major promotional tools which can be used by hotel anada,Himalayas for promotion of their products and services. Advertisement could be one the very successful tool which can be used for increasing market share. If advertisement is well positioned and planned it could help to overcome competition and help to revive from recession (Jhon,L.2009.p.g 6). Various form of advertisement which is used for promoting its products and services could be: 1.Internet: This is one of the most widely used medium through which hotels can promote its product and services. It could be very effective in promoting products and services. 2.Printed Media: For example: magazine, journals and news papers. This is very useful because it would help promoting product among corporate clients and corporate employee. 3.Visual Media: For example: television, this is said to be very effective as it gives both visual and audio effect to guest. They can actually feel the product or services. 4.Sales promotion: They attract consumer attention and provide information that may lead the consumer to buy the product. Ananda can use sales promotion tool as to get quicker and stronger response from consumer. Various sales promotion tools which can be used could be: 5.Promotional letters to existing guests: ananda hotel can send promotional letter which includes lucrative discount offers, and various packages at discounted rates. This strategy would help ananda from recovering from recession and capturing more shares in market. Distributional Strategy: Distributional strategies which can be used by hotel ananda for capturing market share and overcome competitors could be:- 1.Trade Show: This could be very effective in distributing of products and service because trade shows are being attended by various travel agents and travel tour operator. This would help them to build cordial relation with them, in return of that we could business from them. 2.Exhibitions: these are very important in distribution of the hotels product and services as during exhibition hotel managers could get chance to interact with other hotel managers and managers of other companies to whom they could explain their product or service which could help in increasing sales revenue. 3.Airlines: magazines in airlines and airline companies could be important source for distribution of product and services of hotel. 4.Corporate Companies: Relation with corporate companies and advertisement in corporate magazine could help in promoting hotels product services. Swot analysis Strengths:- Location- situated in the green lush of Himalayas with natural flora and fauna. Heritage property Spa- the only hotel with 21,000sq feet spa and first spa hotel in the country. Cuisine-food prepared is different from routine preparation and individually designed as per the body type and cooked without oil. Weakness:- Cost- rooms are extremely expensive and not suited to domestic traveller. Limitations-hotel mainly offers spa and wellness packages ,limited to a less part of the society. Opportunities:- Govt support- attract tourists with new promotional schemes which results in higher outbound tourists. Common wealth games- as games to be held in 2010,will be a boom for the industry. Aviation hospitality- both with joint venture helps in increasing travellers by offering cheap packages. Threats:- Recession Competitors-many small hotels opened near about with cheap yoga n spa packages and it can reduce the rate of visitors to ananda. Natural hazards-like fire,flood etc. Cheap airlines packages-customer want to go international after international air fair falls down. Political issues-like service tax,labour union policies etc. Key-findings for Ananda Himalayas:- biggest strength of Ananda Himalayas right now is its brand reputation being only spa in India(which is 50%)although it has to improve on weaknesses and less productivity than its competitors. At the same time,can increase the sale or mkt share with an increase in number of people who want relaxation and better health(as it is health and wellness industry).

Essay --

Notorious gang approaches a man with a red shirt and beats him to death for sleeping with the wrong woman. The man wronged the gang first, but the gang overreacted by beating him to death, who is at fault? Luckily, we have laws created by the Legislature to protect us and guide us in such situations, laws the president at that time agreed upon and that are interpreted by the judicial system. This is known as the system of checks and balances, introduced by our nation’s forefathers in attempt to balance the power in this new country. Though it was obviously necessary back then, it is still necessary today in this very age. The system of checks and balances plays a major role when our forefathers were writing the constitution as they were making sure no one area of government had too much power of the others. Using checks and balances, our forefathers made sure each one of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. It is a cycle that often begins when the legislative branch introduces a bill. Then the bill heads off to the executive branch, where the President decides whether he (or yet to be she) believes that the bill is good for the country. If the bill seems good for the country, the President signs the bill, and it becomes a law. It is called a veto when the President doesn’t sign the bill. However, if ⅔ of the legislature votes to pass the bill, the legislative branch can override the executive veto, and the bill will then become a law. Once a law is in place, it is up to the judicial branch to interpret said law and determine, through cases, whether or no t the law is constitutional. If a citizen of the United States believes a law is unfair, a lawsuit can be filed. Lawyers will argue for and ag... ...very nationality found was included, as well as an equal number of male and female). Our country needs this system now in this very age not only to satisfy the 22% of students that know what the system is, but in order to make sure our politicians do not acquire so much influence and/or power that they can control this beautiful, diverse, and wondrously helping nation where the people who live in it can follow their dreams until the end of their lives. The system of checks and balances are necessary today just as they are necessary back when they were written by the forefathers of our nation. The judicial branch interprets laws made from bills signed by the President who receives those bills from the Legislature. And so the victims of crimes are in luck. Crimes such as the murder of an man by a gang for sleeping with the wrong woman may then be brought to justice.

Reflective essays -- essays research papers

The classic tragedy, as defined by Aristotle, has six major parts. These parts include a plot, characters, theme, melody, spectacle, and language. All stories, according to Aristotle must have a beginning, middle, and end, and must follow a logical sequence according to these six elements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plot is the series of events, or sequence in which the action of the play occurs. Plot must follow a cause and effect relationship, which follows a logical pattern. Characters are the people in the play, who have certain qualities that can be determined by what they say, do and what others say about them. The theme of the play is the general feeling or statement made by the author that presents an observation or thought to the audience. Melody is the musical quality of the play, which includes a change of pitch by the voice, musical instruments , and also includes the high and low points of the play giving it an overall melodic quality. Spectacle includes the visual elements of the play, anything that is observed by sight. Often in modern movies and plays spectacle can be overdone, especially if a reason for the spectacle cannot be found. Language is the dialog or speech that makes up the story, and is used by characters to present the play to the audience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle lays out a very specific definition of what a tragedy should include, and how each element should be presented. He tells us that the tragedy must include these six elements and that they must be laid out in a logical manner. Aristotle sets up the framework for a tragedy that is used with or without the playwright’s knowledge for innumerable classical and modern plays. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Along with giving us the six elements of a tragedy, Aristotle also gives us four parts that should be included in a tragic hero. Sophocles’ character Oedipus is considered to be the classic example of a tragic hero. This is attributed to the fact that Oedipus clearly demonstrates all four of the characteristics that make up the tragic hero as defined by Aristotle. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be a good, as well as great person. What this means is that he must hold high moral goals and ideals for himself as well as being of high or noble stature in society. The tragic hero must have a character flaw, this could be some excess or... ...ey† may not be the first comedy, nor is it the sole creation of Homer, however these things are attributed to it, because it was the first to be written down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Odysseus is considered to be the â€Å"quintessential† comic hero. Even though he is of great stature, he represents â€Å"every man† or the common man. He is sent on a long journey by Poseidon where he must use his cunning and shrewdness to make his way home. Odysseus must come up with a scheme in order to regain his homeland. Mistaken identity and deliberate deception are often used together and are used throughout this epic. Mistaken identity is when a character believes they are seeing someone, but it is not really that person, adding an element of dramatic irony. Deliberate deception is very similar, but the character is intending to deceive others and often uses a disguise. These elements are used several times by Athena, who comes to mortals in the form of people around them. Odysseus also disguises himself as a beggar when he gets back to Ithaca. Several elements of the modern comedy can be found in the â€Å"Odyssey,† and because of i ts home coming, or happy ending it is considered the first comedy.